The Dutch Golden Age a bibliography of Works in English

———. Artists and artisans in Delft: A Socio-Economic Study of the Seventeenth Century. xvi, 424 p vols. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1982.

Montias, John Michael. "Le marché de l'art aux Pays-Bas, XVe et XVIe siècles." Annales E.S.C. 48 (1993): 1541-63.

Montias, John Michael. Vermeer and His Milieu: A Web of Social History. xx, 407 p., [40] p. of plates vols. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Moore, S. F. C. "The Cathedral Chapter of St. Maarten at Utrecht before the Revolt." Ph.D Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southampton, 1988.

Morganstein, Susan W. Ruth S. Levine. The Jews in the Age of Rembrandt. Rockville, MD., 1982.

Mori, Yoko. "The Tradition and Sources of the Peasant's World of Pieter Bruegel." Bulletin of Tama Art School 4 (1979): 109-62.

Morineau, M.. "La balance du commerce franco-n,erlandais et le resserrement ,conomique des Provinces-Unies au XVIIe siecle." Economisch-Historisch Jaarboek 30 (1965).

Mörke, Olaf. "`Konfessionalisierung' als politisch-soziales Prinzip? Das Verhältnis von Religion und Staatsbildung in der Republik der Vereinigten Niederlande im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert." Tijdschrift voor sociale geschiedenis 16 (1990): 31-60.

Moss, Jean Dietz. 'Godded with God': Hendrik Niclaes and His Family of Love. Philadelphia, 1981.

Motley, John Lothrop. History of the United Netherlands from the death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce--1609. 4 v vols. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1861-1968.

———. The Life and Death of John of Barneveld, Advocate of Holland. 2 v vols. New York: Harper & brothers, 1874.

———. The Rise of the Dutch Republic: A history. 3 v vols. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1856.

Mout, M. E. H. N. "Armed Resistance and Calvinism during the Revolt of the Netherlands." In Church, Change, and Revolution, eds. Van de Berg and Hoftijzer.

Mout, M. E. H. N., H. Smolinsky, and J. Trapman. Erasmianism: Idea and Reality. Amsterdam: KNAW, 1997.

Mout, N. "Armed Resistance and Calvinism during the Revolt of the Netherlands." In Church, Change, and Revolution: Transactions of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch Church History Colloquium, Exeter, 30 August-3 September 1988, Johannes van den Hoftijzer P. G Berg, 57-68. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill, 1991.

———. "The Family of Love (Huis der Liefde) and the Dutch Revolt." In Britain and the Netherlands, A.C. Duke and C.A. Tamse, 76-93. Vol. 7.

———. "Political and Religious Ideas of Netherlanders at the Court in Prague." Acta Historiae Neerlandicae 9 (1976).

———. "Staat und Calvinismus in der Republik der Vereinigten Niederlande." In Territorialstaat und Calvinismus, Meinrad Schaab, 87-96. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1993.

Mout, Nicolette. "Staat und Calvinismus in der Republik der Vereinigten Niederlande." In Territorialstaat und Calvinismus, ed. Meinrad Schaab,Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1993.

Moxey, Keith P. F. Pieter Aertsen, Joachim Beuckelaer, and the Rise of Secular Painting in the Context of the Reformation. New York: Garland, 1977.

Moxley, K. Pieter Aertzen. Joachim Beuckelaer and the Rise of Secular Painting in the Context of the Reformation. New York/London, 1977.

Muizelaar, Klaske, and Klaske Muizelaar and Derek Phillips. Picturing Men and Women in the Dutch Golden Age : Paintings and People in Historical Perspective . New Haven, Conn. ; London: Yale University Press, 2003.

Muller, Richard A. God, Creation, and Providence in the Thought of Jacob Arminius: Sources and Directions of Scholastic Protestantism in the Era of Early Orthodoxy. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1991.

Muller, Sheila D. Charity in the Dutch Republic: Pictures of Rich and Poor for Charitable Institutions. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1985.

Multhauf, L. S.. "The Light of Lamp-Lanterns: Street Lighting in 17th Century Amsterdam." Technology and Culture 26 (1985): 236-52.

Murray, John Joseph. Antwerp in the age of Plantin and Brueghel. xiii, 170 p vols. The Centers of civilization series, 27. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.

Murris, Roelof. La Hollande et les Hollandais au XVIIe et au XVIIIe sičcles vus par les Français. Bibliothčque de la Revue de littérature comparée ... t. XXIV Paris: H. Champion, 1925.

Méchoulan, Henri, ed. Amsterdam XVIIe Sičcle : Marchands et philosophes: Les bénéfices de la tolérance . Mémoires / Autrement , 3. Paris: Autrement, 1993.

Méchoulan, Henry. Hispanidad Y JudaíSmo En Tiempos De Espinoza : Estudio Y EdicióN Anotada De La Certeza Del Camino De Abraham Pereyra. Acta salmanticensia. Filosofia y letras ; 175. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, 1987.

———. ętre juif ŕ Amsterdam au temps de Spinoza. Présences du judaďsme , 1. [Paris]: Albin Michel, 1991.

Méchoulan, Henry, and Gérard Nahon, eds. Mémorial I.-S. Révah : études sur le marranisme, l'hétérodoxie juive et Spinoza . Collection de la revue des études juives. Paris: Peeters, 2001.

Nagtegaal, Luc. Riding the Dutch Tiger: The Dutch East Indies Company and the northeast coast of Java, 1680-1743. Amsterdam: Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology, 1996.

Neale, J. M. A history of the so-called Jansenist church of Holland: with a sketch of its earlier annals, and some account of the Brothers of the common life. xii, 411 p vols. Oxford and London: J. Henry and J. Parker, 1858.

Nevitt, H. Rodney. Art and the Culture of Love in Seventeenth-Century Holland . Studies in Netherlandish visual culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Nicholas, David. "Le d,veloppement urbain dans la Flandre m,di,vale." Annales ESC 33, no. 3: 501-27.

———. The domestic life of a medieval city : women, children, and the family in fourteenth-century Ghent. x, 261 p vols. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985.

———. "Economic Reorientation and Social Change in Fourteenth-Century Flanders." Past and Present 70 (1976): 3-29.

———. Medieval Flanders. xiv, 463 p vols. The Medieval world London, New York: Longman, 1992.

———. The metamorphosis of a medieval city: Ghent in the Age of the Arteveldes, 1302-1390. x, 369 p vols. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987.

———. Town and countryside: social, economic and political tensions in fourteenth-century Flanders. 373, A-M p vols. Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Werken uitgegeven door de Faculteit van de Letteren en Wijsbegeerte: Werken uitgegeven door de Faculteit van de Letteren en Wijsbegeerte, 152e afl. Brugge: "De Tempel,", 1971.

Nierop, H. F. K. van. The Nobility of Holland: From Knights to Regents, 1500-1650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Nierop, Henk van. "A Beggar's Banquet: The Compromise of the Nobility and Politics of Inversion." European History Quarterly 21 (1991): 419-43.

Nijenhuis, Willem. Adrianus Saravia (c. 1532-1613) Dutch Calvinist, first reformed defender of the English episcopal church order on the basis of the ius divinum. xxi, 404 p vols. Studies in the history of Christian thought, v. 21. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1980.

———. "Religious Life in the Northern Netherlands Between the Union of Utrecht (1579) and the Peace of Munster (1648)." In Ecclesia Reformata. Studies on the Reformation, W. Nijenhuis, 125-62. Leiden: Brill, 1994.

———. "Variants within Dutch Calvinism in the Sixteenth Century." Acta Historiae Neerlandicae 12 (1979): 48-64.

Nobbs, Douglas. Theocracy and toleration: A study of the disputes in Dutch Calvinism from 1600 to 1650. xiv, 280 p vols. Cambridge Eng.: The University press, 1938.

Noordegraaf, Leo. "Death, Famine, and Social Policy in the Dutch Republic at the End of the Sixteenth Century." In The European crisis of the 1590s essays in comparative history, Peter Clark,London, Boston: G. Allen & Unwin, 1985.

North, Michael. Art and Commerce in the Dutch Golden Age. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Norwood, Frederick. "The London Dutch Refugees in Search of a Home, 1553-1554." American Historical Review 58 (1952): 64-72.

Nusteling, H. P. H. "The Netherlands and the Huguenot Emigres." In La Revocation de l'Edit de Nantes et les Provinces-Unies 1685, J.A.H. Bots and G.H.M. Posthumus Meyjes, 17-34. Amsterdam, 1986.

———. "Periods and Caesurae in the Demoegraphic and Economic History of the Netherlands, 1600-1900." Economic and Social History in the Netherlands 1 (1989): 87-111.
O'Brien, Patrick, Derek Keene, Marjolein 't Hart, and Herman van der Wee, eds. Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe: Golden Ages in Antwerp, Amsterdam and London. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Oers, Ron van. Dutch Town Planning Overseas During VOC and WIC Rule (1600-1800). Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 2000.

Oestreich, Gerhard, H. G Koenigsberger, and Brigitta Oestreich. Neostoicism and the early modern state. viii, 280 p vols. Cambridge studies in early modern history Cambridge Cambridgeshire, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Ogg, David. Europe in the Seventeenth Century. xi, 575 p vols. History of Europe, ed. by E. Lipson New York: The Macmillan company, 1938.

Oosterhoff, F. G. Leicester and the Netherlands 1586-1587. Utrecht: HES, 1988.

Orenstein, Nadine, and Hendrik Hondius. Hendrick Hondius and the business of prints in seventeenth-century Holland. 246 p vols. Studies in prints and printmaking: Studies in prints and printmaking, v. 1. Rotterdam: Sound & Vision Interactive, 1996.

Ormrod, David. "Dutch Commerical and Industrial Decline and British Growth in the Late Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries." In Failed transitions to modern industrial society Renaissance Italy and seventeenth century Holland : proceedings [of the] first international colloquium [sponsored by the Interuniversity Centre for European Studies], April 18-20, 1974, Paul M Hohenberg, and Frederick Krantz, 36-43. Montreal: Interuniversity Centre for European Studies, 1975.

Ormrod, David J. English Grain Exports and the Structure of Agrarian Capitalism, 1700-1760.: Hull University Press, 1985.

Ormrod, David J. The Rise of Commercial Empires: England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650-1770. Cambridge, 2003.

Ostrum, Frits Pieter van. Court and Culture: Dutch Literature 1350-1450.

Paludanus, Bernard, author. True Ocean Found: Paludanus's Letters on Dutch Voyages to the Kara Sea, 1595-1596 ed. James Tracy. Minneapolis: 1980.

Pange, J. de. Charace et l'alliance franco-hollandaise. Paris, 1905.

Panofsky, Erwin. Early Netherlandish painting. 2 v vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953.

———. "Erasmus and the Visual Arts." Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 32 (1969).

Paravacini, W.. "Expansion et integration. La noblesse des Pays-Bas a la cour de Philippe le Bon." BMGN 95 (1980): 298-314.

Parker, Charles. "Pilgrim's Progress: Narratives of Penitence and Reconciliation in the Dutch Reformed Church ." Journal of Early Modern History 5, no. 3 (2001).

Parker, Charles H. "[Charity in Delft]." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota.

———. "Public Church and Household of Faith: Competing Visions of the Church in Post-Reformation Delft, 1572-1617." Journal of Religious History 17 (1993): 418-28.

———. The reformation of community: Social welfare and Calvinist charity in Holland . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

———. "To the Attentive, Nonpartisan Reader: The Appeal to History and National Identity in the Religious Disputes of the Seventeenth-Century Netherlands." Sixteenth Century Journal 28 (1997): 57-78.

Parker, Geoffrey. The Army of Flanders and the Spanish road, 1567-1659 the logistics of Spanish victory and defeat in the Low Countries' Wars. xviii, 309 p vols. Cambridge studies in early modern history Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.

———. The Dutch revolt. 327 p vols. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1977.

———. "The Dutch Revolt and the Polarization of International Politics." In The General crisis of the seventeenth century, Geoffrey Parker, and Lesley M Smith,London, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.

———. Europe in Crisis, 1598-1648.

Parker, Geoffrey. The grand strategy of Philip II. xx, 446 p. vols. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

Parker, Geoffrey. "Mutiny and Discontent in the Spanish Army in Flanders, 1572-1607." Past and Present 58 (1973): 38-52.

Parker, Geoffrey. "Of Providence and Protestant Winds: The Spanish Armada of 1588 and the Dutch Armada of 1688." In Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe, Geoffrey Parker, 39-67. London: Penguin, 2002.

Parker, Geoffrey. Philip II. xix, 234 p vols. 1st ed ed. Library of world biography. Boston: Little, Brown, 1978.

———. Spain and the Netherlands, 1559-1659 ten studies. 288 p vols. London: Collins, 1979.

Pasture, A. La Restauration religieuse aux Pays-Bas Catholiques sous les archiducs Albert et Isabelle (1596-1633) principalement d'après les Archives de la Nonciature et de la Visite ad limina. Leuven, 1925.

Pettegree, Andrew. "Coming to Terms with Victory: The Upbuilding of a Calvinist Church in Holland, 1572-1590." In Calvinism in Europe, 1540-1620, eds. Andrew Pettegree, Alastair Duke, and Gillian Lewis, 160-80. Cambridge, 1994.

Pettegree, Andrew. Emden and the Dutch Revolt: Exile and the Development of Reformed Protestantism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

———. Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London., 1986.

Phillips, Margaret Mann. Erasmus and the northern Renaissance. xxv, 236 p vols. Teach yourself history: Teach yourself history library (New York) New York: Macmillan, 1950.

Pincus, Steven C. A. Protestantism and Patriotism: Ideologies and the Making of English Foreign Policy, 1650-1668. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Pirenne, Henri. Early democracies in the Low Countries: urban society and political conflict in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. xxviii, 250 p vols. Harper torchbooks. The Academy library New York: Harper & Row, 1963.

Plantenga, Jan Hendrik. L'architecture religieuse dans L'ancien duché de Brabant depuis le régne des archiducs jusqu'au gouvernement autrichien (1598-1713). xlix, 363 p., 36 leaves of plates vols. La Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1926.

Platt, John. Reformed thought and scholasticism:the arguments for the existence of God in Dutch theology, 1575-1650. 249 p vols. Studies in the history of Christian thought, v. 29. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982.

Pleij, Herman, and Diane Webb. Dreaming of Cockaigne medieval fantasies of the perfect life. ix, 533 p vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.

Plessis, R. du and M. Howell. "Reconsidering the Early Modern Economy: The Cases of Leyden and Lille." Past and Present 94 (1982).

Polisensky, J. Tragic Triangle: The Netherlands, Spain and Bohemia, 1617-21. Prague, 1991.

Pollmann, Judith. "The bond of Christian piety: the individual practice of tolerance and intolerance in the Dutch Republic." In Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age, ed. R. Po-chia Hsia and H. F. K. Van Nierop, 53-71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Pollmann, Judith. "The Cleansing of the Temple: Church Space and Its Meanings in the Dutch Republic." In Religious Ceremonials and Images: Power and Social meaning (1400-1750), ed. Jose Pedro Paiva, 177-89. Coimbra, 2002.

———. "Off the Record: Problems in the Quantification of Calvinist Church Discipline." Sixteenth Century Journal 33 (2002): 423-38.

———. Religious choice in the Dutch Republic: The reformation of Arnoldus Buchelius (1565-1641). Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.

Poort, M. "English Garrisons in the United Provinces 1585-1616." In The Dutch in Crisis, 1585-1588: People and Problems in Leicester's Time, Bannatyne,Leiden: The Sir Thomas Brown Institute, 1988.

Popkin, J. D. "Print Culture in the Netherlands on the Eve of the Revolution." In The Dutch Republic in the Eighteenth Century, Jacob, and Mijnhardt, 273-91.

Popkin, Richard H., and Gordon M. Weiner, eds. Jewish Christians and Christian Jews : From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment . Archives internationales d'histoire des idées = = International archives of the history of ideas ; 138. Dordrecht ; London: Kluwer , 1993.

Post, R. R. The Modern Devotion: Confrontation with reformation and humanism. xi, 701 p. with 2 fold. maps vols. Studies in medieval and reformation thought, v. 3. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1968.

Post, R. R.. "The Windesheimers after c. 1485: Confrontation with the Reformation and Humanism." ???

Posthumus Meyjes, G. H. M., and T. H. Lunsingh Scheurleer, eds. Leiden University in the Seventeenth Century: An Exchange of Learning. Leiden, 1975.

Posthumus Meyjes, G. H. M, Henk J. M Nellen, and Edwin Rabbie, eds. Hugo Grotius, theologian. Essays in honour of G.H.M. Posthumus Meyjes, ix, 274 p vols. Studies in the history of Christian thought, v. 55. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill, 1994.

Posthumus, N. W. Inquiry into the history of prices in Holland. 2 v vols. Publications of the International Scientific Committee on Price History Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1946-1964.

Posthumus, N. W.. "The Tulip Manis in Holland in the Years 1636 and 1637." Journal of Economic History 1 (1929): 435-65.

Postma, Johannes, and Victor Enthoven, eds. Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping, 1585-1817. Leiden: Brill, 2003.

Postma, Johannes M. The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Prak, M.. "Citizen Radicalism and Democracy in the Dutch Republic: The Patriot Movement of the 1780s." Theory and Society 20 (1991): 73-102.

Prak, Maarten. "The politics of intolerance: citizenship and religion in the Dutch Republic (seventeenth to eighteenth centuries)." In Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age, eds. R. Po-chia Hsia and H. F. K. Van Nierop, 159-75 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Prakash, O. The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720. Princeton, 1985.

Prakash, Om. Precious Metals and Commerce: The Dutch East India Company in the Indian Ocean Trade. Variorum Collected Studies Series, 1994.

Prevenier, W.. "Officials in Town and Countryside in the Low Countries: Social and Professional Developments from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth-Century." Acta Historiae Neerlandicae 7 (1974).

Prevenier, W. and W. Blockmans. The Burgundian Netherlands.

Price, J. L. Culture and society in the Dutch Republic during the 17th century. 260 p vols. New York: Scribner, 1974.

Price, J. L. Dutch society, 1588-1713. viii, 306 p vols. Harlow, England, New York: Longman, 2000.

Price, J. L. Holland and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century. Oxford, 1994.

———. "William III, England and the Balance of Power in Europe." Groniek 101 (1988): 67-78.

Prinsterer, G. Groen van, ed. Archives ou correspondance inedite de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau, 25 vols., 5. Leiden and Utrecht, 1835-1915.

Rademaker, C. S. M. Life and Work of Gerardus Joannes Vossius (1577-1649). xxvii, 462 p vols. Respublica literaria Neerlandica, 5. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1981.

Rademaker, C. S. M.. "Scriverius and Grotius." Quaerendo 7 (1977): 46-57.

Ramsay, G. D. The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands the end of the Antwerp mart. v vols. Manchester, UK, Dover, N.H., USA: Manchester University Press, 1986.

Regan, P. "Calvinism and the Dutch Israel Thesis." In Protestant History and Identity in Sixteenth Century Europe, 2. The Later Reformation, ed. Bruce Gordon, 91-107. Aldershot, 1996.

Regin, Deric. Traders, Artists, Burghers a cultural history of Amsterdam in the 17th century. x, 214 p., [7] leaves of plates vols. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1976.

Reitsma, R. Centrifugal and centripetal forces in the early Dutch Republic: The States of Overyssel 1566-1600. Amsterdam, 1982.

Rekers, Ben. Benito Arias Montano (1527-1598). ix, 199 p vols. Studies of the Warburg Institute, 33. London: Warburg Institute, University of London, 1972.

Renger, K. Adriaen Brouwer und das niederländische Bauerngenre 1600-1660. Munich: Hirmer Verlag, 1986.

Renier, G. J. The Criterion of Dutch Nationhood. London, 1946.

Renier, Gustaaf Johannes. The Dutch Nation: an historical study. 272 p vols. London: Pub. for the Netherlands government information bureau by G. Allen & Unwin ltd, 1944.

———. William of Orange. vii, 175, [1] p vols. Appleton biographies New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1933.

Renier, Gustaaf Johannes, Netherlands, and Regeeringsvoorlichtingsdienst. The Dutch Nation: an historical study. 272 p vols. London: Pub. for the Netherlands government information bureau by G. Allen & Unwin ltd, 1944.

Revius, Jacobus, and Henrietta ten Harmsel. Jacobus Revius: Dutch metaphysical poet selected poems. 187 p vols. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1968.

Rice, Eugene F. The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460-1559. x, 182 p vols. Norton history of modern Europe New York: Norton, 1970.

Riegl, Alois. The group portraiture of Holland. 412 p vols. Texts & documents. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Research Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1999.

Riemersma, Jelle C. Religious factors in early Dutch capitalism 1550-1650. Studies in the social sciences: Studies in the social sciences (Mouton Publishers), 2. The Hague: Mouton, 1967.

Riggs, Timothy Allan. "Hieronymus Cock (1515-1570): Printmaker and Publisher in Antwerp at the Sign of the Four Winds." Ph.D diss. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1977.

Rijksmuseum. Art Before the Iconoclasm. Amsterdam, 1986.

Rink, Oliver A. Holland on the Hudson: an economic and social history of Dutch New York. 285 p vols. Ithaca, N.Y, Cooperstown, N.Y: Cornell University Press. New York State Historical Association, 1986.

Robb, Nesca Adeline. William of Orange. A Personal Portrait. [With Plates, Including Portraits, a Map and a Genealogical Table.]. Heinemann: London, 1962.

Roberts, B. B.. "Drinking Like a Man. The Excessive Drinking of Youths in Seventeenth-Century Holland." Journal of Family History (forth.).

Roberts, Benjamin. Through the Keyhole: Dutch child-rearing practices in the 17th and 18th century: three urban elite families. Hilversum: Verloren, 1998.

Robinson, Williwm W.. "Family Portraits of the Golden Age." Apollo (1979): 490-497.

Roding, Juliette, and Lex Heerma van Voss. The North Sea and culture (1550-1800) proceedings of the international conference held at Leiden 21-22 April 1995. 524 p vols. Hilversum: Verloren, 1996.

Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J. The Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II and Habsburg Authority, 155-1559. Cambridge, 1988.